1. INTRODUCTION Different linguists have proposed different definitions for tense. This study investigates processing of sentences containing different tenses of Persian by the cross-modal lexical decision method. This psycholinguistic method has been used classically by Shapiro and Levine (1990) to estimate the cognitive load across the mind. The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of tense complexity hierarchy arranged from absolute to relative. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. Also, the classification of Comrie (1985) on tenses has been applied here. He divided tenses into two broad categories of past/non-past. Absolute and relative types of the Persian tense have been elaborated and analyzed in detail. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method used in this research is the cross modal lexical decision method, which will be detailed due to its importance. Theoretical framework applied here is that of Comrie (1985) in linguistics and Shapiro (1990) in psycholinguistics. Independent variable is the type of tense used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjects' reaction times. 25 students of universities aged 18-30 participated in this study. The results of two experiments show that the psychological reality of the complexity of representation of grammatical tenses according to Persian data is confirmed and there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of grammatical tenses. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was found out that Persian has two absolute tenses: Past and present; as well as four relative tenses: the perfective, the pluperfect, the subjunctive, and the relative past. The main question of the present study is that of the psycholinguistic reality of Tense in Persian. Cross modal lexical decision has been used here to examine tense during sentence processing. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing factual scientific present tense verbs, future tense verbs, and performatives are processed sooner than the other tenses. The justification and explanation of this can be attributed to the fact that scientific facts have been recorded in the life experience of human beings and have a high frequency. The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to complex ones will omit the meaningful differences in the participantsˈ reaction times. The findings can be used in curriculum design for non-natives of Persians. The subject of the present article is the study of how auditory perception of sentence structures with verbs containing different types of grammatical tenses in Persian is affected by Representational complexity of their inner tenses. The Persian language has a variety of absolute and relative tenses, each of which is used as needed, and Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari (Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari 2002) has written in detail about the nature and function of each, and since this work is a comprehensive description of the topic of time in Persian, it provides the basis for data collection of the present study. The two main research questions are: a) Which types of tense is processed faster than the others and why? B) According to data from the Persian language, what is the mental representation of grammatical tense in Persian? The two hypotheses corresponding to the questions of this research are that there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of tenses and also the complexity of these representations has a psychological reality. In order to answer the questions, two experiments have been developed. 4. CONCLUSION (1) The principles and generalizations inferred from the results; The choice of mean reaction time as a dependent variable in widely used cognitive experiments is due to convenience. In this study, reaction time to the auditory stimulus is the basis for measuring cognitive load. Cognitive load refers to the amount of mental energy needed to perform a task. This mental energy can be nourished by memory, storage and retrieval. (2) Any exceptions to, or problems with these principles and generalizations; Here, there has been found no exceptions or problems with the cognitive load principles and generalizations. (3) Theoretical and/or practical implications of the work; If we consider cognitive burden as the basis of learning, this research can have implications for teaching Persian language. The high reputation of using reaction time in psychological research, especially in the field of cognition and language processing, is something beyond theoretical interest. The concept of cognitive burden can be used in teaching Persian language and the research results can be considered in compiling educational materials and materials.

The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of Relative Tense in Persian; How Persian tenses are processed? Cross modal lexical decision tasks applied by dmdx software program have been used here to examine relative tense processing during sentence processing. Theoretical framework used here is that of Comrie (1985) linguistically and Shapiro (1990) psycholinguistically. Independent variable is the type of tense used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjects
reaction times to visual stimuli. 25 university students aged 18-30 participated in experiments who were divided into two groups; male and female participants. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing non-finite relative tense verbs, are processed later than the other tenses (present perfect, past perfect, and subjunctives). The explanation is to be found in the un-markedness of non-finites (lacking mood, tense, number). The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to the complex ones will erase the meaningful differences in the participants
reaction times. This shows that the independent variable of sentence type is much more effective on cognitive load than tense type. In these two experiments the gender of the participants is not effective. The findings can be used in curriculum design for non-natives of Persians as it shows the cognitive load of relative tenses across memory.

Some verbs are more complex than others in terms of mental representation. This can be attributed to the semantic factors like argument structure possibilities stored in speaker 's mental lexicon. Here, the argument structure complexity hypothesis is tested in Farsi by participation of twenty normal native speakers of Farsi. The method used here is cross modal lexical decision (CMLD). As for the results, such a hypothesis has been proved in Farsi using t tests to analyze the results. Results show that teaching more complex verbs first leads to generalizations over less complex verbs and finally facilitates their learning. Such a research implies complexity account of language treatment and also represents language data that can be used in treatment sessions whose use leads to less needed sessions.

Graphic design tries to convey the message to the viewers through an effective and innovative process. It includes a wide variety of branches such as book illustration, trademark design, motion pictures, packaging, web site design, etc, all of which try to meet three basic functions: giving information or instruction, making introduced and identity presentation and advertisement or promotion. Each distinct function communicates with the viewer through a different way. Like other forms of visual media, graphic design conveys the messages through three different ways: Representational (or simulation of nature), abstract and symbolic (or encoding).Different messages are generally expressed by different modes of graphic design approaches. The present study focused on representation approach in graphic design and on its justification usage. To meet this end, this study first addressed the content of Representational approach, its different kinds and the ways it worked in graphically designed works for graphic design students and all those interested in this field. Meanwhile, different ways of communication as well as how they can be realized graphically were addressed. Since creativity always plays a major role in graphic design and seemingly Representational expression conflicts with creativity, the present study aimed to make clear the relationship between creativity and Representational expression. The main questions posed here include 1- In what ways representation is realized in graphic design? 2- Basically what intention is met by graphic representation.3- How is a creative graphic representation possible? The data were collected based on library sources and on certain graphic designs. The results of this applied research were analyzed descriptively. The results indicated that in all three functions of graphic design mentioned earlier, certain objectives are met including believability, introducing, straightforward communication, attracting attention, establishing credibility, guiding direction, being convinced.

The paper deals with a particular group of objections against Representational theories about phenomenal experiences. The author, primarily, illustrates the importance of Representational theories and clarifies some helpful categories of Representational versions which has used in the paper. Then, it focuses on an especial group of objections against the inclusion of these theories. This group of objections undermines the inclusion of Representationalism about "bodily sensations" and "intentional states". Opponents, in fact, make some doubts that Representational approach cannot explain the phenomenal character of bodily sensations and intentional states. The paper has described these two difficulties, the first one has been discussed among scholars and the later represented by the author. It, finally, peruses the actual and potential responses of Representationalists and, then, concludes that Representational theories can come over the objections about bodily sensations, but they should give some explaination in order to unravel the objections about intentional states.

One of the most important questions in epistemology is the nonphysical realities, like phenomenal consciousness. The main claim of physicalism is real explanations of events and properties are only physical explanations and Representationalists are agree too. Thus these realities can explained by the rule of biases of physical and objective events. On the other hand, phenomenalists maintain that conscious experiences and aspect of subjectivity of phenomenal consciousness are not. In this article I attempt formulated the problem of phenomenal consciousness based on the Perspectival Subjectivity and next proposed the solutions of theories of representation of mind then declare objections on the theories of representation of mind. There is a question as can be the theory of representation of mind the frame for causal explanation of the problems of phenomenal consciousness?

Introduction and statement of the problem: Representation in epistemological discussions, or what has sometimes been called the Copernican revolution of Kant, maintain an idea according to which in knowing the world subject is as important as the object, if not more. The brain of the human may affect the process of recognition, and we can ask how and how much it takes place. Moreover, every instrument, such as a microscope or telescope, which mediate between brain and object, should be contained to the same test. Media is a kind of instrument intermediator between the world and us. In contemporary society, we receive more information from the media than we obtain directly from our environment. So the general epistemological suspicion can be extended to the issue of news strategy in the media. I am planning to address this problem in this paper. Theoretical Considerations: According to the general taste, news, which includes accidents and strange happenings, are more exciting and amazing and can attract more attention. The point is that such news is so often bad ones. That is the reason why headlines are full of news of terror, war, crash, fire, pollution, traffic, scandal and so on. The media concentrate and emphasize on these sorts of news, and that is the reason they fail to do representation as they show the world to be worse than it is. Accordingly, it is fair to say the media distorts our perception, and our conception of the world is generally less real than it is really. That from the viewpoint of chief redaction and its gatekeeping what kind of news has value or is important to determine how the audience see their world. Because society gives most of its information from the media, the more news emphasis on something, the more important and even the more existent it seems to be. Therefore, the news, which is usually selected and is the subject of repetition and concentration, would influence the representation from the real world. It is evident that news gatekeeping could be influenced by a variety of factors such as money, power, politics, ideology, and the conscious or unconscious standpoint of journalists. Nevertheless, those well-known causes apart, there is something more powerful and more hidden which influences news and thereby influence the world-view of consumers. We call it professionalism. The very professionalism which should be and seems to be against many kinds of bias, such as we mentioned above, play itself an important role in gatekeeping and organizing the choice and the priority of news and thereby is the source of a big bias. On the one hand, journalism is, above all, a profession, and in almost every profession, success requires customer orientation. On the other hand, and methodologically speaking, the psychological nature of humankind makes us more interested in exciting news. It results in that the media tries to cover more exciting and amazing news. But not surprisingly most of the time the exciting news is the bad ones or even the worse. Usually, good things do not happen all of a sudden. It takes time for a development to be achieved or a problem to be solved, and being so they lake the potentiality of making interesting and attractive news. Moreover, another side of our psychology or our education prepare us more to be discontent than content, so that the good things seem to be normal and the bad ones can be the source of opposition. Therefore a war, a terrorist attack, a fire, a plane crash, an earthquake, or a political scandal are much more likely to be reported as soon as possible and to be the subject of headline and repetition and the other kinds of highlighting. In doing so, media news does not represent the world as it is. Some of the findings here indicate that there are examples even from the scientific research reports that show in what extent media choose the versions, which fortify that bias just for being more customer oriented. The news concerning environmental problems is an example. Almost every day we read, listen, and watch some news, which indicates a new bad behavior or law or strategy for the environment: the seas more polluted, the forests more disappeared, the wild animals more threatened and so on. There is rarely a report about many attempts to protect the environment. Just because news consumers psychologically and sociologically prefer to listen that politicians are doing badly and that a sort of apocalypse is coming soon. However, this is not the truth, at least all the truth. This bias is confusing and has strong negative implications, for news consumers see the world much worse than it is, and might become more depressed and pessimist and even ready to radical actions and join to the extremist parties. Reading, listening, watching and sharing news in cyberspace is generally considered as a cultural activity or sometimes as social activism, and something to be praised. More you regularly consume news especially worldwide news more you seem to have character and to be in a good way of life. You seem to have more chance to know the world better and so to live correctly. However, this idea is based on the assumption that media in its news reflect the reality as it is. However, as we demonstrate it, this is not the case. It could even have a contrary function. With too much confidence to media and too much-consuming news, we risk to believe that world is very dark and become pessimist and distrust because the world, however, is not so good is not as bad as media news try to persuade. The part of bad news is bigger and not proportional. Not only people do not pay attention to it, but also there is a belief that good men concentrate on bad aspects of affairs. Because it helps to be a more political and more motivated fighter against oppression and injustice, apparently being politically correct necessitates that bad aspects of social life be underlined. Although media shows, somehow unconsciously, the bad aspects of the world in an un-proportionate manner, there is a part of consciousness that approves the necessity of it. Concluding Remarks: This paper aims at corroborating the idea that professional media, supposed to be far from those tendencies, based on very professionalism, according to which customer compliance is the first principle, produce some other kind of disturbing in the representation of the reality. Thus, the contribution of the article is that the general value, which holds that more reading/listening/watching news is a sign of a safer society, should be a subject of doubt. It can create a conduit to take in serious reform in news media strategy and/or a News diet for the consumers.

Considering the fact that engagement with political economy is central to any fully rounded analysis of language and language-related issues in the neoliberal-stricken world today, and that applied linguistics has ignored the role of political economy (Block, Gray, & Holborow, 2012), for the first time, this study investigated the representations of neoliberal ideologies in the Interchange Third Edition Series. To this end, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted based on Du Gay, Hall, Janes, Mackay, and Negus’ s (1997) model of ‘ Cultural Circuit’ , especially their concept of ‘ Representational Repertoires’ . Furthermore, Kress and Van Leeuwen’ s (1996) ‘ visual grammar’ was used for the analysis of the artwork. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that more than 50% of the total number of units in each of the textbooks featured neoliberal-related content. Moreover, the results of the qualitative analysis confirmed Du Gay et al. ’ s (1997) argument that textbooks are not only curriculum artifacts but also cultural artifacts or communicative acts which serve to make English mean in particular ways-in this case the hegemonic culture of neoliberalism. As a result, it is necessary for EFL/ESL teachers and students to collaboratively develop counter-hegemonic discourses through critical thinking and dialogic interrogations of neoliberal discourses.

Experimental study which has been done in the Orthopedic wards of Mobasher Kashani hospital inن Present study is an quazi Hamadan. The Purpose of the study was to identify the effect of Representational structures on pain after musculo- skeletal injury in school age children who hospitalized in trauma center. In this study 75 patients (two groups of case and control) have taken part. The tools of assessment consist of behavioral and physological signs checklist and Oucher self report scale. In case and control groups before interaction, the rate of pain has been evaluated by 3 mentioned tools then the pain rate of interaction in both groups which includes watching comic films by video and television have been measured. Statistical analysis of comparison of the behavioral, psychological sings and Oucher scale before and after interaction in both case and control groups "pair t test" have been used and in order to determine the reduction of mentioned indicators, in these groups "t Test" was used. According to the result in control group before and after interaction there isn"t any meaningful difference in Oucher, behavioral and psychological sings score (P>0.05). While in case group before and after interaction, there is a meaningful differnce in mentioned indicators (P<0.05). Also non pair t test shows that in comparison between these two groups, case group in comparison with control group, there is a significant reduction in self report Ocucher, behavior signs score, pulse rate and systolic blood pressure (p=0). Therefore it can be used of comic Representational structures to decrease the pain in injured children. The study also shows that there is a significant correlation between pain indicators (Oucher scale, behavioral and psychological signs).

Heidegger believes that the subject of representation is essentially a subject that wills the represented in every representation in a way that the expansion of the domains of human representation and going through the reality and determining it as a subject is directly related to the expansion of his will and expression of his will in the world. When Nietzsche answers the question of what is the being of beings with the will to power in fact he expresses the hidden source of all Representational tradition which was unsaid to him. For Heidegger, the will to power brings subjectivity to its end. and end which culminated in our technological age of reducing humanity to be a representation of a greater will that Heidegger calls will to will. But the article approaches the problem just mentioned not as a distinguished phenomenon but treats it totally in the tradition of the west as emerged in the light of the essence of truth as dominant in Rome. Having this in mind, we argue that the technological age is the reversal of Representational relation which delivers man over the darkest night of his destiny and consequently decentralizes him in favor of a bib picture of the world which is able to give a coherent narration from everything. It is this inhuman and also technological narration that extracts the subjective will of the representing subject.